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Research Article

Origins and Beliefs of Buddha’s Hair and Nail Relics Excavated from Mirŭksa Temple Site in Iksan

강건우

국립익산박물관

Published: March 2025 · No. 325 · pp. 5-29

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31065/kjah.325.202503.001

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Abstract

The veneration of the Buddha’s hair originated in India and spread to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and China. Buddhist monks who traveled to India (Tianzhu) on pilgrimages recorded their visits to sacred sites associated with the Buddha’s hair relics. Notable pilgrimage sites include Jetavana Monastery in Sri Lanka and the Shwedagon Pagoda in Myanmar. In Funan, an ancient kingdom of Southeast Asia, the Buddha’s hair was also revered as a sacred relic. According to historical records, the king of Funan presented strands of the Buddha’s hair to Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty at his request. Through the transmission of Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures and the travels of pilgrim monks such as Hyech'o, the veneration of the Buddha’s hair likely spread to the Korean Peninsula as well. Among the notable archaeological finds associated with this practice are relics unearthed at Mirŭksa Temple. Two types o f e a r t h e n h a i r c o i ls ( t 'o j e n a b a l) h a v e b e e n d i s c o vered at the site. The larger specimen, found near the Sŏgŭmdang site, is presumed to be part of a clay Buddha statue. In contrast, the smaller hair coil, excavated from the foundation stone beneath the western pagoda’s stylobate, appears to have been independently crafted and interred as a dedicated offering. Furthermore, a silver nail-shaped ornament was discovered at the same location. These two artifacts are thought to be symbolic offerings representing the Buddha’s physical relics (śarīra). Although similar hair coils have been found at other temples from the Three Kingdoms period, the co-occurrence of a hair coil and a nail-shaped artifact at Mirŭksa Temple is unique, highlighting the site’s particular significance in the context of relic worship.
Keywords: 백제(Paekche)미륵사지(Mirŭksa Temple)조발 공양품(Buddha’s hair and nail relics)물질문화(material culture)구법승(pilgrim monks)